In computer security, what does the term 'authorization' refer to?

The term 'authorization' in the context of computer security specifically refers to the process of granting or denying user access rights. This process occurs after authentication, which is the validation of user credentials, and it determines what resources a user can access and what actions they are authorized to perform within a system.

For instance, once a user has successfully logged in, authorization checks are applied to ensure they can access certain files, applications, or system functionalities according to their role, permissions, or the security policies in place. This access control is crucial for protecting sensitive information and maintaining the overall integrity of a system.

While the other choices relate to aspects of security, they do not define authorization itself. Validating user credentials is about confirming identity, safeguarding user data pertains to protecting data from unauthorized access or breaches, and encrypting sensitive information is a method used to protect data rather than managing access rights. These processes are important but are distinct from what authorization specifically involves.